Compare Ch 1 & 2 of Hard Times to Ch 6 of Jane Eyre

Both authors Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens give determined attention to the bleak and hard aspects of life and, specifically, to the life of children. In the Chapters 1 & 2 of Hard Times to Chapter 6 of Jane Eyre, they vividly portray difficulties and hardship faced by many poor children at school. Thesis The chapters under analysis are based on similar settings and themes portraying educational system of the Victorian era, attitude towards children and their role in society.In the chapters under analysis, the authors portray school life of the protagonists and their grievances. ‘Fact and Figures’ dominate in the chapters underlining the role of cramming in education. In Hard Times, in the opening scene in ‘a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a schoolroom', the dominant adjectives are ‘square, hard, dry’, and the first paragraph of Chapter 2 emphasizes this theme by using many of the declaratory titles which Dickens had contemplated giving to thi s novel. T.Gradgrind teaches children:‘A man who proceeds upon the principle that two and two are four, and nothing over, and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over† (Dickens). In Jane Eyre, girls follow strict rules during classes: â€Å"there were sundry questions about tonnage and poundage and ship-money, which most of them appeared unable to answer† (Bronte). Another important detail is that girls should read the Bible every morning which dictated social norms and social order.In the chapters under analysis, the authors create a similar prototypes of teachers and educational systems typical for their times. As the first passage makes clear, the Gradgrind educational system and the ethos of the industrial town are at one in being designedly quite rightly if ‘The Gradgrind Philosophy' is accepted – monotonous, and in embodying an aridly limited sense of life's possibilities and priorities. But already one challenge to that ‘Ph ilo ¬sophy' has appeared the circus at which the Gradgrind children are caught peeping.The same philosophy is followed by Miss Scatcherd who supposes that a teacher should be severe and irreconcilable to pupils’ faults. Jane comments: â€Å"it seems disgraceful to be flogged, and to be sent to stand in the middle of a room full of people† (Bronte). A doctrine of Christian endurance is similar in the chapters. Both authors pay a special attention to the process itself and organization of education. They underline that educational process should be based on daily activities and planning process.The chapters though starting in a schoolroom are concerned with more than education but growing up and new perception of the world. Success for the protagonists means fight in whatever direc ¬tion. To the attainment of any end worth living for, a symmetrical sacrifice of their nature is compulsory upon children. Jane comments: â€Å"I could not comprehend this doctrine of end urance; and still less could I understand or sympathize with the forbearance she expressed for her chastiser† (Bronte).Pressure of schooling and severe attitude of their tutors forces the children to mature and understand the role of religion and schooling in their life. The children speak as mature adults which unveils their independent thinking and mature personalities. Readers quickly sense the inevitability of the children's movement towards savagery, though the authors relate the novels with such economy and intensity that its predictability does not become monotonous. In these chapters, both children assume leadership for their calm rationality.â€Å"Only a few feeble stragglers said Yes: among them Sissy Jupe† (Dickens). In the chapters, both authors use characters of children in opposition to the main characters. This technique helps them to underline the importance of liberation in the world of cruelty and misunderstanding. In sum, Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens portray that suffering is undergone in order to expand the human spirit, to delve into matters previously kept hidden, to grow through pain. They grow up into small adults emulating the ‘real' world they have left behind and to which eventually they return.

ABC Co. Marketing Strategy Case Essay

ABC Manufacturing Company is a manufacturer of fine furniture designed to resemble the furniture used in various historical periods. The company’s furniture is sold by approximately fifty dealers throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. Dealers are carefully selected by ABC to be sure they maintain the high quality imagine that ABC has established in its 100-year history of making fine furniture. Most dealers sell only ABC’s furniture, but a few also sell noncompeting lines of similar quality. Dealers who sell only ABC’s furniture are franchised to do business under ABC’s trade name and would appear to the public to be branch stores rather than independent business. ABC’s factory is a three-story building of heavy timber (mill) construction located in a New England town of 2,500 population. The first floor is used for warehousing and office space, and the two upper floors house the production facilities. The building is 75 years old and has been occupied by ABC since its construction. The local fire department is above average for towns of this size, but its water supply system does not have adequate reserve capacity to maintain pressure for fighting a major fire over a period of several hours. See more:Â  First Poem for You Essay Adjacent to the factory building is a large frame structure used by ABC to store seasoned lumber for its furniture. Lumber is first air dried in the yard adjoining the shed, with the exact drying period depending on the kind of wood involved. The air-dried wood is then kiln dried in ABC’s own kiln, after which it is stored in the frame storage building until needed. ABC’s power plant is located in a brick building about 50 feet from the main plant. It furnishes heat and steam for all operations. Water for the stream boilers is drawn from a large river adjacent to the power plant. Electricity is purchased from a public utility. Due to the length of the seasoning period, ABC usually has on the premises a supply of lumber adequate for four months of operations. Much of the lumber is purchased within a 200-mile radius of the factory, but substantial amounts are purchased from more distant sections of the United States or from foreign countries. For example, mahogany lumber, which is used in almost half of ABC’s products, is imported by ABC from Latin American and Africa. Most of the lumber arrives at ABC’s yard by railroad and is shipped FOB point of origin. The imported lumber is shipped by water to the nearest port, approximately 100 miles from ABC’s factory, and then by train to the factory. Some locally produced lumber is delivered to ABC by truck, FOB ABC’s yard. Workers in ABC’s factory use some small power tools, such as saws, planers, lathes, and similar equipment. However, the production process is primarily manual. Highly skilled craftsmen build the company’s products, using many of the same techniques that were used two centuries ago. Furniture finishing is done by hand, and most of the stains, varnishes and other finishing materials are compounded by ABC’s employees according to the company’s proprietary formulas. ABC’s labour force is very stable because each craftsman undergoes a lengthy apprenticeship in the plant and because ABC pays wages that are relatively high by the standards of the community. Management considers the high wages to be necessary because of the time and expense required to hire and train a replacement for a craftsman who leaves the firm. Some finished furniture is shipped by railroad, but most of it is shipped by contract carrier trucks. The contract with the trucker does not include any provision relative to liability for damage to goods in transit. Export shipments are transported by truck to the nearest port and by water to the country of destination. All shipments are made FOB purchaser’s warehouse. All sales, including export sales, are made on open account and only to ABC’s established dealers. Export accounts usually are denominated in and payable in the currency of the importer’s country. Accounts receivable, on the average, are equal to about one-eighth of annual sales. Accounts receivable records are kept on ABC’s computer in the office section of the first floor of the factory building. The computer is also used for inventory and production control, payroll management, and other accounting functions. The computer equipment is owned by ABC. The office is cut off from the warehouse section of the first floor by a wood partition. The office and computer room are air conditioned, but the remainder of the building is not. Duplicate computer tapes, updated weekly, are stored in a well-protected vault in another part of the city. A monthly fee is paid for the tape storage. ABC owns several small trucks that are used to move lumber about its own premises and for local pickup and delivery. The trucks are kept in the lumber storage shed when they are not in use. Several lift trucks are used for moving lumber and other heavy items in and around the factory and lumber storage area. A freight elevator moves materials, finished furniture, lift trucks, and other equipment between floors in the factory. Automatic grillwork gates have been installed to prevent workers from falling into the elevator shaft. There is no passenger elevator. Workers use either the freight elevator or the open stairwells when moving between floors. Steel fire escapes have been installed on the exterior of the building to facilitate evacuation of the upper floors in case of fire or other catastrophe. ABC Manufacturing Company is wholly owned by its president, Mr. Carpenter, who is the grandson of the company’s founder. Mr. Carpenter is considered wealthy by local standards. However, his fortune consists almost entirely of the stock of ABC Manufacturing Company, and he is dependent on his salary and company dividends for his livelihood. Nearly all of ABC’s operating profit has been paid in dividends in recent years. Consequently, the company has only a modest cushion of liquid assets in excess of its operating needs. Profits have been consistent, but they have been relatively low because of the inefficiency of the present factory facilities. Although the dollar amount of ABC’s sales has increased steadily because of price increases, the physical volume of sales has remained almost constant over the past several years. The lack of growth has resulted primarily from two factors. First, the present plant cannot accommodate greater production because of space limitations, and there is no available land adjacent to the plant to permit expansion. Second, the long training period required for new employees prevents rapid expansion of production. Mr. Carpenter has considered building a new factory at another location in the same town. However, such a move is not financially feasible unless the present plant can be sold, and no prospective purchasers have been found. A move to any location outside its present hometown would not be practical because of the company’s dependence on its well-trained craftsman. The sales manager estimates that both the dealer network and sales could be increased by 30% over the next 5 years if production facilities could be provided. The cost to rebuild the present factory building in its present form would be $2.5 million. However, Mr. Carpenter has indicated that he would not build a new mill-type building to replace the current structure because of the high cost of the thick brick walls and heavy timber interior construction. A new, one-story, noncombustible masonry and steel building of comparable floor area would cost approximately $2 million to build and would be more efficient for ABC’s purpose. The actual cash value of the present factory building is estimated to be $1.5 million, and ABC has insured it for that amount against fire and the extended coverage perils. The lumber storage shed, power plant, table and lumber kiln are also insured for their actual cash values. The following table shows the actual cash value and replacement cost for each of the structures. Table 1: ABC Company Building Values ___________________________________________________________________________________ BuildingActual Cash ValueReplacement Cost Factory$1,500,000$2,500,000 Lumber shed 150,000 200,000 Power plant 230,000 300,000 Kiln 270,000 320,000 ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABC’s annual premium for fire and extended coverage insurance is $136,000, including the coverage for contends of the buildings and for lumber stored in the yard. There have been no fire or extended coverage losses during the past five years and only minor losses prior to that time. The company’s estimated annual workers’ compensation premium is $165,000. Loss experience has been fairly consistent from year to year. Based on past experience, with adjustments for inflation and current benefit levels, normal losses of $104,000 can be expected. The most frequent claims have been small and have resulted from such minor injuries as splinters in hands, several minor dermatitis cases, and sawdust or metal particles in eyes. The more serious injuries have included back strains and loss of fingers in power saws and other power tools. ABC now has 15 percent debit under workers’ compensation experience rating plan. (That is, they are paying a rate 15% greater than manual rates). Questions 1. Identify the following loss exposures faced by ABC Manufacturing Company: 1) Direct property loss exposures 2) Indirect property loss exposures 3) Liability exposures 2. Your suggestions in risk management for ABC Company Case 2: Bite-O-Burger Company (Risk Management and Insurance) Description of Operations The Bite-O-Burger Company is a publicly held corporation. It owns and operates 843 fast-food restaurants located in eleven states in the United States. The restaurants feature a limited menu consisting of hamburgers, French fried potatoes, fried chicken, chili, related food items, and nonalcoholic beverages. The restaurants vary in size, but each is located in a free-standing building and surrounded by customer parking areas. All of the buildings were built to Bite-O-Burger’s plans and specifications and share enough architectural characteristics to make them easily recognized as units of the chain. All have forced air heat and are air conditioned. At current prices, the average replacement cost of the restaurants is estimated at $125,000 per unit for the building and $100,000 for the equipment. Because of differences in size, the replacement cost, including building and equipment, ranges from $175,000 for the smallest restaurants to $300,000 for the largest. The average actual cash value is $205,000 for building and equipment combined. The restaurants vary in age from a few days to approximately 20 years. All of them are owned by Bite-O-Burger, but the newer ones are subject to substantial mortgages. The home office of the company is located in leased space in a building in the business district of a midwestern city. Bite-O-Burger occupies the upper three floors of the thirty-story building. The company’s data processing centre is located on the top floor. All of the computer equipment is leased from the manufacturer. Bite-O-Burger also occupies a leased warehouse near the home office. It is used for storage and distribution of supplies (paper cups, wrapping materials, etc.) and nonperishable food items. Perishable food items are purchased from local suppliers near the restaurants in which they will be used, and they are delivered directly to the restaurants by the suppliers. There is no refrigeration equipment at the warehouse, but each restaurant has a large, walk-in refrigerator. Items from the company warehouse are distributed to the individual restaurants by a fleet of 30 owned tractor-trailer units. The same units also transport goods from the suppliers to the central warehouse when truck-load quantities are purchased. Smaller lots are shipped by common carrier FOB point of shipment. The values of the contents at the warehouse and home office are $15,750,000 and $3,200,000, respectively. Values at both locations are relatively constant throughout the year. Bite-O-Burger advertises extensively in newspapers in the cities in which it has several restaurants. Many of its advertisements feature endorsements of its products by prominent athletes and theatre personalities. Some advertisements feature pictures of local people and their favourable comments on the company’s food and service. The company also sponsors softball and bowling teams in some cities as a part of its public relations program. Bite-O-Burger’s profit and loss statement and an abbreviated balance sheet for last year are shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. The company’s operating results for last year were typical of past years, but sales and assets have been growing at a rate of approximately 20% per year. Bite-O-Burger’s fire and extended coverage losses for the five years are shown in Table 2-3. The quotations shown in Table 2-4 have been obtained for fire and extended coverage protection–blanket on buildings and contents on an actual cash value basis. Bite-O-Burger is well aware of the fire exposures associated with restaurants. Extensive fire control equipment has been installed in the kitchens of all units, and especially in the range hoods and in the cooking areas.

The creation, development, and use of mirrors in Northern Renaissance Essay

The creation, development, and use of mirrors in Northern Renaissance Art - Essay Example r in three paintings; Jan van Eycks Arnolfini Portrait, Hans Memlings Virgin and Child and Maarten van Niewenhove, and Petrus Christus Goldsmith in His Shop. All three paintings depict mirrors and all three use the mirror to manipulate both what the viewer sees and also the role the viewer plays within the painting. The aim of this essay, therefore, is to explore in each painting how this manipulation takes place and the purposes of the artist in undertaking such a manipulation. The reflection has long fascinated man-kind, and stories such as the terrible fate of Narcissus, hopelessly in love with his own image, proliferate in ancient literature. From the earliest Greek vases there are depictions of people holding mirrors, which would have consisted of highly polished metal or stone. However, by the time of the Renaissance, glass-working had reached the level of sophistication to allow small, glass mirrors to be produced. The production of clear glass was underway in Venice by the early fifteenth century, creating mirrors which provided a clear reflection with little distortion to the facial features. It is just such mirrors, of humble proportions due to the difficulty of blowing glass large enough to make a bigger surface area, which appear in the painting which will be considered in this essay. Jan van Eyck’s Arnolfini Portrait, depicting Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife, dates from 1434. It is painted in oils on an oak panel. The painting is immediately striking for the sense of realism that it creates. This is due to two factors; light and perspective. The two figures are depicted centre-left and centre-right of the painting. The faces of both figures are illuminated by the light which streams in from a window on the left of the painting. The chiaroscuro of their clothing gives a sense of depth and richness to the material, while the feet of Arnolfini and the ceiling of the room are in darkness, framing the two figures. A pair of shoes cast

Strictly confidential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strictly confidential - Essay Example The memory stick which consists of information on all the 84,000 prisoners in England and Wales is now entirely investigated. It includes some release dates as well as information about 43,000 most intricate and persistence offenders as described by the Deputy Information Commissioner (Sky News, 2008). Out of the most likely consequences is the one that the criminals will bring legal acts next to the government and the taxpayer would have to pay for the injuries to the people who appear to be a bit contemptible for the reason of the government's inability. The loss of the memory stick with the details of the prisoners was initially reported to the government, by a London-based consulting company called the PA Consulting Group, with a contract to track the movement of the offenders through the criminal justice system (Burns, 2008). Classified information about almost 130,000 prisoners as well as dangerous criminals has been lost ... According to the Home Office, an internal report is supposed to be carried out in to the data security arrangements between the Home Office and its contractor, PA Consulting. 2.2 Identification of Stake-Holders The individuals or groups which are affected by the outcome of a decision are construed as stake-holders. Amongst the primary stake-holders are the prisoners and criminals whose information has been lost. Home-Office was responsible for the loss of the personal information. Secondly, the tax-payers are another group of stake-holders affected by the outcome. The secondary stake holders are the police force which is responsible for of guaranteeing the personal information of the prisoners. The stake-holders were supposed to safe-guard the confidential details of the prisoners and criminals which they failed to do. The data had been misplaced by the PA consulting group, which was supposed to track and examine the critical offenders in the JTrack programme. 3. Professional Codes The professional conducts do not seem to construe to the case discussed above for the reason that the people responsible for the misplacing of information did not uphold the reputation and good standing of the British Computer Society, and also, their profession in general. Moreover, they did not seek to participate in the improvisation of the professional gradations through participation in their development, usage as well as implementation. The British Computer

Portfolio of evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio of evidence - Research Paper Example In this scenario, the participative arrangements that require action in health and safety are induction and training, communication arrangements and issue resolution. Enhancing environmental health and safety requires the use of induction and training. Using this method, then health and safety should be integrated into the overall training program. There are training programs that are normally conducted in the workplace. Integrating health and safety therefore, is not a hard exercise (Plunkett & Fournier, 1991). These actions are done by the employees in the workplace because they are the ones who need to be trained in the various aspects of health and safety. It is the responsibility of every employee in a particular organization to undertake the training. Adequate training in health and safety will ensure that the employees at the workplace are aware of the various safety measures that should be followed as well as the precautions to be taken so as to ensure that their health and s afety is not compromised. Another group of responsible people would be the committee for health and safety that is stationed in the workplace. This committee may include managers and directors. The training exercise would take place twice in a year. The first session would be conducted through the months of February and March while the second session would be conducted through the months of October and November. The training program is not a strenuous exercise therefore making it easy to be conducted at least twice in a year. This will help in increasing the efficiency of the training program. Furthermore, by conducting it twice a year, it will increase the number of employees who go through the training program thereby making it even more efficient. This will ensure that a large number of people go through the program thereby increasing the safety of everyone. Just like any other program that is conducted in the work place, there is a progress monitoring aspect that must be added t o it. The purpose of the progress monitor is so as to ensure that the program is actually achieving its desired objectives and is not just utilizing the organization’s resources. The progress monitors can be the creators of the program. They are the people who came up with the program and therefore know very well the objectives that the program is supposed to achieve because they set the objectives themselves. In the event that the program is not achieving the desired goals, then recommendations would be made on whether to terminate the program or make changes to the original plan. Another group of program monitors would be the management team and directors of the company. This is mainly due to the fact that they are the people who have funded the project, they would therefore want to make sure that their investments are not going to waste. It is a way of making sure that everything is working according to plan (Burke, Clarke & Cooper, 2012). However, there are instances wher eby, things may not go according to plan. The program may go off course or an error may occur. In such a scenario, then there needs to be a form of mechanism whereby a corrective action can take place thereby ensuring that everything is brought back on track. In addition to this, recommendations also need to be made so as to ensure that such an occurrence is avoided in future. These recommendations w

Analysis of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Essay

Analysis of The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde - Essay Example Bracknell affirms, â€Å"35 is a very attractive marriage age (Wilde 138).† The story focuses on the theme of destiny. Gwendolyn feels she is destined to marry only the person named Ernest stating to Jack, â€Å"My very own Ernest! (Wilde 26).† Ernest represents a rich family. Jack does not belong to a rich class. Likewise, Jack is characterized as a poor person. Consequently, Jack is eager to marry a rich lady in order grab the money of the rich lady. In the same manner, the author creates an imagery picture that Algernon is an unhappy with his family (Croally 35). Algernon creates a fictitious person, Bunbury. Creation is done to escape from his family. Algernon excuses himself from many important social and family events. He instead prefers staying with Bunbury. Algernon disguises as Ernest to Cicely. Cicely falls in love with Ernest (Algernon). When Gwendolyn learns that Cicely is also being engaged to marry the same Ernest, the two women fight. However when Jack (Ernest) and Algernon (Ernest) appear together, the two women stop fighting and ven t their anger on the two men who pretended to be take the name of Ernest. Further, the story ends with Miss Prism, Lady Bracknell’s former maid, stating that Jack was left at a station thinking the child was the book to be published stating, â€Å"†¦placed the baby in the handbag and deposited it on the train to be sent to the publisher (Wilde 144)†. Jack is Algernon’s elder Brother. Since Cicely is wealthy, Bracknell approves the marriage between Cicely and Algernon. Bracknell then approves the marriage between Gwnedolyn and Jack (Ernest). The story ends with the Jack affirming to Bracknell the significance of being earnest. Jack is eager to marry Gwendolyn, â€Å"..we must marry immediately (Wilde 26).† The story shows irony (Turner 84). Gwendolyn and Cicely are both in love with the person named Ernest. Gwendolyn wants to marry only the person named Ernest. However, they find out that Jack and

Fully discuss absortion and emission spectroscopy follows instruction Assignment

Fully discuss absortion and emission spectroscopy follows instruction below - Assignment Example The atomic emission spectrometer consists of four major components. These include the atomizer, the nebulizer, the Monchromator and the detector. Flame is used to atomize the sample so that the resultant atoms can interact with the radiation. Monchromator is used to discriminate wavelengths that do not conform to the requirements of the experiment. Detector is used to detect the emitted wavelengths. During experiment, five processes take place. The first three processes takes place simultaneously. These threes processes include the dissolvation, vaporization and atomization. They take place when the sample is introduced into the atomizer. Dissolvation is the process where the solvent sued to dissolve the sample is evaporated (Crouch & Skoog 63). The thermal heat energy from the atomizer forces the solvent, which is water, to evaporate instantly. Vaporization occurs when the resultant solid sample is vaporized into gases. Lastly, the atomization occurs when the resultant gases are broken down into atoms. All these takes place as a result of high thermal energy from the flame. Principally, both the atomic emission spectroscopy and the atomic absorption spectroscopy exhibit all these three steps. However, the fourth step is what differentiates the atomic emission spectroscopy from the atomic absorption spectroscopy. I atomic emission spectroscopy, the gaseous products obtained are excited to higher energy level. Excitation occurs when the electrons in the atoms gain energy and move to higher energy levels. However, the electrons cannot stay in the higher energy level indefinitely (Crouch & Skoog 71). This is because there is no constant energy to maintain them in the higher energy levels. Because of this, they are unstable. Consequently, to regain their stability, electrons would be forced to drop back to their original state called ground state. This process is called de-excitation. De-excitation is normally accompanied by several

Personal Development as a Mentor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Development as a Mentor - Essay Example Novices need golden wisdom that only comes from hands-on experience. The needs above are only a handful of reasons why the concept of having a mentor emerged. The pleasure of finding an experienced colleague who can impart a legacy to the new generation of practitioners is invaluable. Yet despite the proliferation of the mentoring in almost all professions, the concept of a mentor is still vague. Many mistakenly consider a mentor as an ordinary friend that they can deal with lightly and unprofessionally. Others, on the other hand, highly venerate mentors to a point where they already consider them as their formal professor and instructor. As a nurse mentor, I need to elucidate what my role really is and to elaborate my obligations to my mentees. According to the paper submitted by Ehrich, Hansford, and Tennent, the term "mentor" was coined from the classic Greek epic, Odyssey wherein Odysseus on his trip to the Trojan War entrusted his son, Telemachus', education to his loyal servant, Mentor (2003). Whilst mentoring is initially done informally, in the last thirty years, this practice has gradually blossomed into an official and legitimate position in many companies. Still despite the general acceptance of the term it is still vague for most of those practicing the mentor-mentee relationship. Part of this is the lack of formal research regarding the practice and effectiveness of mentoring. Definition of Mentoring Technically, mentoring is defined by The Standing Committee on Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education as a process by which "an experienced, highly regarded, empathic person (the mentor) guides another individual (the mentee) in the development and examination of their own ideas, learning and personal and professional development (1998)." As a practicing nurse mentor, this technical definition is insufficient to provide an overview of what mentoring really is. To have a more vivid picture of what a mentor is let me provide a functional definition of mentoring using SWOT analysis and Gibbs Reflective Model. SWOT Analysis Strength Being a mentor my most familiar strength would be my extensive experience and the wisdom and values that I acquired from it. As a mentor, my job is to guide new nurses to succeed in their career by imparting them in different ways the knowledge I had for years. These practical knowledge that I have used for my own career advancement is what I would advice them to do. A role model that they can follow, I can use myself as an example to inspire them in reaching their career goals and in realizing their fullest potential. I can also use my experience as a yardstick in measuring the level of their success and in appraising their skills and current career status and what they can still achieve. This way I can open doors for possible career improvement. I can also become their advisor, someone that my mentees can lean on when they experience problems and dilemmas. All in all, as a mentor, I act as a bridge to link them from their current status towards their career plan. Weaknesses Being merely a link and not a superior to my mentees, my relationship with them might be tinged with "coolness" or become too personally attached with mentees, which might result into loss of respect and professional treatment to me by my mentees. Also my

Ethical objectivism and Kantian Ethics ar arguments to ethical Essay

Ethical objectivism and Kantian Ethics ar arguments to ethical relativism - Essay Example Even in the contemporary world there are a strong amount of arguments in favor of ethical relativism. Some of the most prominent such arguments are advanced by anthropologists whose job it is to go into a region and develop ethnographical research regarding a culture. While these perspectives are at times convincing specifically about more grey areas issues, on a large-scale it’s clear that they are shortsighted. When extended to universal aspects of all cultures, adopting an approach of ethical relativism could potentially be calamitous for humanity. In these regards, it is possible that one cultural paradigm conflicts with the subsistence of another culture. It follows that when one’s cultural paradigm infringes on the rights and existence of another cultural paradigm that there needs to be a means of further establishing ethical responsibility. A great number of ethical theories exist in contradistinction to the ethical relativist model, with the Kantian approach to ethics the most convincing. Kant argues that, â€Å"All moral statements should be general laws, which apply to everyone under and circumstances† (â€Å"Kant†). This notion, referred to as the categorical imperative, is the understanding that an ethical action must be that can be applied in a universal way; as such, this precludes many activities that would otherwise be condoned under an ethical relativist perspective. Another prominent notion within Kantian ethics is the notion of moral duty. Moral duty argues that an individual has the duty to obey innate moral laws (â€Å"Kant’s Moral Philosophy†). The articulation of ethical responsibility as rooted in innate moral laws characteristic of all humanity is antithetical to moral relativism. Rather ethics as functioning subjectively, they are innate and universal to all cultures. Ulti mately, adopting this Kantian is model is superior to the relativist approach as the former

Social environment Essay Example for Free

Social environment Essay I am a person who frequents the local gym. In fact it is part of my daily routine and it is a social environment I have come to know very well. After hunting for a good parking space I make my way through the set of automatic sliding glass doors. The temperature is always a consistent 70 degrees Fahrenheit – cozy and comfortable in the winter, and a refreshing break from the blistering heat of summer. When I approach the front desk to swipe my membership card, one of three people will greet me. Usually it’s a middle aged African American man called â€Å"Mr. Fred,† and you can bet that he’ll be wearing a smile. No doubt, he knows almost every member’s name despite the fact that there are hundreds. On the rare occasion that Mr. Fred isn’t at the front desk, either a beautiful young girl with brown hair and brown eyes, or an older polite woman will greet me. As I make my way up the tall, carpeted staircase I scroll through my Ipod to find something fresh. Upon arriving at the top of the staircase I scan the area to see who is present. Is it busy? Is the cute girl I noticed last week here? My buddy from school? Anyone else I know? It’s truly amazing how much it depends on the time of day. We live by the clock and sometimes I don’t think we realize how much it structures our lives. Three PM means it’s slow – there will be a few older retired folks lethargically moving around and trying to keep themselves busy. At Four PM the space slowly starts to fill in with people that got off work early or left early to avoid the rush. At Five PM the facility comes alive. The cardio machines will soon all be occupied, the spinning classes begin, the lanes of the pool are now filled, and the clang of weights being shuffled around echoes throughout the gym. This is a colossal gym. The ceilings must be 40 feet high in some places. Most of the activity takes place on the second floor where there are over 100 cardio machines of various types. There is also an indoor track that surrounds the machines and the weights. I walk over to the stationary bikes to begin my warm-up and wonder how many people have sat on this seat since I last did. Sometimes the seat is still on position â€Å"16† like I left it the day before, other times I find it fully extended and I know a seven foot tall guy must have been there. After about ten minutes on the bike, I make my way over to the weights where I discover a new face. It’s a girl with blonde hair and she’s probably about 20 years old. She seems a little lost – perhaps a new member without much weight-training experience. It’s funny how many new members there are following every New Years. Indeed they have all just made resolutions to get into better shape. So after a couple minutes of fumbling around with one machine, a guy approaches the girl and offers his expertise on the subject. He asks her which muscle group she wants to focus on, and then demonstrates the correct movements on the machine. She looks at him wearily as she tries to replicate the motions and he nods in approval. It seems an instant relationship has just formulated between the two. Who knows where it will lead, they may end up together for the rest of their lives. Next I move over to where the free weights are located. I watch myself in the mirror as I lift the weights over my head and then bring them back to my shoulders in a slow, controlled motion. In the mirror I notice two girls behind me on the abdominal machines. And to take a line from Akon – I can’t help but to notice them, noticing me. I have seen them a couple times before and there is a feeling of familiarity – almost as though we know each other, yet we have never met. In one of my psychology classes, we learned the term â€Å"familiar strangers. † These can be described as people that we see over and over throughout our routines but people that we technically do not know. These girls are an example of familiar strangers because although I have never conversed with them, there is a sense that I do know them on some level. This is true of many people I see at the gym, some of which I see almost every day. It’s as if I have a certain connection with these people even though we are not acquaintances. It’s a peculiar situation. I see them every day but we don’t really speak to each other, yet if I saw one of them in another setting (a bar, restaurant, or store) I would almost feel compelled to speak. If I didn’t acknowledge them, it would be as though I was choosing to ignore the fact that I recognized them as a familiar person from the gym. Tuesdays at the gym are particularly interesting from a sociological perspective. It’s a very busy day because there are a lot of group classes. One class called â€Å"Zumba† combines dancing with an aerobic routine that has been choreographed to hip-hop music. This is the most popular class at the gym; in fact, it’s so popular that they had to move the class to the basketball court. The basketball court can be overlooked from the second floor; so needless to say, when the hip-hop music starts blaring it draws a lot of attention. But I’m not sure the music draws as much attention as the 75 women bouncing around on the basketball court. The guys upstairs literally flock to the railing to check out the action. And the funny thing is – they don’t tend to make any effort to be sly about watching the women below. Instead, they just stare at them, grinning from ear to ear and joke around with buddies. I’ll admit, it is very difficult to keep your eyes off of that many girls, but I do my best to avoid gawking. The gym is a place I have come to know well and it is an excellent facility. It sometimes even feels like a second home because everyone there is so welcoming and friendly. And if my Ipod isn’t enough to keep me entertained during my workout, there’s always the option of â€Å"people watching. †

Information Search and Analysis Skills

Information Search and Analysis Skills 1.0 SYNOPSIS The research was carried on one of Microsoft Windows operating systems which is Windows 2000. The various factors such as security, reliability and easy to use interface were discussed. In Windows 2000 security is more improved as compared to previous versions, point-to-point Tunnel protocol (PPTP) and layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP as alternative security for Virtual Private Network (VPN)). Windows 2000 security has significant benefits like confidentiality, authentification, Data integrity, Smarts cards, Encryption and Kerberos. It is a reliable desktop and laptop operating system for business of all types. It is a build on NT technology and offers rock solid reliability and manageability. The operating system provide an intelligent user interface that adapts to the way users work and this makes it more efficient. 2.0 INTRODUCTION According to Silberschatz (2007), Windows 2000 is a type of operating systems released by Microsoft Company for use on business desktops, notebook computers and servers. This operating system was released on 17 February 2000. Windows 2000 was originally named Windows NT 5.0, this is because it was a successor to Windows NT 4.0, then Windows NT 2000 and finally was called Windows 2000. Windows NT 5.0 was the last version of Windows NT. An operating system is a boundary between the hardware and the user that manages and coordinates the activities in order to share the resources of the computer. It acts as basic program for computing applications that are run on the machine. As a basic program some of the tasks it performs are recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directory on the disk and controlling peripherals devices such as printers and disk drives. In a nutshell, operating system handles the details of the operation o f the hardware. As it is the successor of Windows NT 4.0 operating system it was titled Windows NT 5.0. This operating system combines the stability and security of Windows NT 4.0 and Plug-and-Play capabilities of Windows 9x. windows 2000 supports new technologies such as Accelerated Graphics Ports, USB devices, DVD drives, multifunction adapter cards and also a full line of PC cards. This operating system also grants a new distributed directory service for controlling resources across an enterprise, FAT 32 support, and the internet Explorer 5 web browser. Crowley C. (1998) said, Windows 2000 has four basic editions, these are Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 server, Windows 2000 advanced server and Window 2000 datacenter server. These editions were targeted for different markets and they share the most significant features and system utilities, which include Microsoft Management Console and typical system administration applications. The entire set of versions sustains Windows NT file system, NTFS 3.0, Encryption File System and disk storage. Windows 2000 might be installed in two ways, that is either manual or unattended installation and it requires at least 133MHZ Pentium class system with 64mb of RAM. BACKGROUND STUDY Security http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows stated that, it is important to implement security on computing environment so that unauthorized users cannot have access, steal or damage system resources. Implementing security has significant benefits on computer users because only authorized personnel have access. TCP/IP provides security on windows 2000 with internet standards that use cryptographic security services: 3.1.1 Confidentiality: Internet Protocol security (IPSec) traffic is encrypted and can only be decrypted with and encryption key. 3.1.2 Authentification: Before the receiver verifies that the message was sent by IPSec peer, the IPSec traffic has to be digitally signed with the shared encryption key. 3.1.3 Data Integrity: A cryptographic checksum that have the encryption key is found in IPSec traffic. Confirmation on modification of packets can be done by a receiver. 3.1.4 Smart Cards: To protect your network smart card technology is used in windows 2000 environment, unlike using password protection. Tamper-proof storage is offered for a users key pair and an associated public key certificate and these keys are termed as symmetric and asymmetric keys which are protected through Personal Identification Number (PIN) that the users required to enter. If you are a smart card writer you are also a smart card reader, this means you preserve to use a generic smart card reader to write certificate to a smart card. ( http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) 3.1.5 Encryption for data: Windows 2000 offer the ability to make information unreadable that is encryption, by using the techniques of NTFS file system so that unauthorized users can not access your data. Files and folders can be encrypted by setting an attribute under Properties dialog box. Encryption is done through the use of algorithms that mess up, reorganize and encode the data. There is a key pair that has a private and public key. It is used to encode and decode the encrypted information. The user has to designate a recovery agent so that the data can be recovered when the key pair is lost or damaged. If the user has not designated a recovery agent the data cannot be recovered. (http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows) 3.1.6 Central storage of security policy and account information: the purpose of this policy is to implement security that is required by computer systems and data and grant accountability agenda for users. It also creates, processes and manages sensitive information on daily basis. The appropriate mechanism are developed and maintained to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computerized information. (http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows) 3.1.7 Kerberos: Dr.R.C.Joshi e tal (2005) stated that, these are protocols used to enable users to authenticate without sending a password over the network. A user obtains a special kind of key from the network central security at login. The protocol prevents outside attacks. The name Kerberos comes from Greek mythological three- headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades. Reliability This refers to the ability of the operating system to protect itself from handling error conditions, protect its users from malfunctioning software. Windows 2000 is reliable on desktop and notebook computers operating system for businesses of all kinds. It is more reliable as compared to Windows 95 and 98. Windows 2000 uses hardware protection for virtual memory to be resistant to failings and attacks. It also uses software protection mechanism for operating system resources. Windows 2000 has local file system, which is NTFS file system and it recovers automatically from many types of file-system errors after system crash, said Dr. Joshi R. C. (2005). Dr. Joshi R.C (2005) also stated that, changes were made on kernel-mode to make windows 2000 reliable. Kernel-mode write protection offers and reads only subsections of device drivers and kernel. It has code signing which verifies the source of system file and existing Digital Signature Cryptographic technology before windows 2000 is installed. There is also Pool tagging where better drivers and cleaner code are produced by kernel mode device drive because memory allocations are made to selected device drivers out of a special pool, unlike a shared system pool. The recovery time is reduced on Faster CHKDSK. An administrator is given one step process to dependably restart Internal Information Server. There is a kill process tree which when a parent process is stopped makes sure that all processes initiated by parent process are removed. Kernel-only crash dumps are added for contents of the kernel to be written optionally to disk after a crash. Users can correct installation problems o r change settings that have caused boot problems when Safe-mode boot uses its minimal services to boot the computer. Easy to use interface The user interface of Windows 2000 id more improved compared to other versions. In Windows 2000 the information is accessed quickly whether it is on a computer or network. Improved wizards of windows 2000 assist users to achieve tough tasks quicker. Only items that are used more frequently are displayed on Start menu and this made the Screen clutter to be reduced. The Dialog box has been improved as words are automatically completed when the user types and most recently used words are listed so that the user can select the appropriate. The Quick launch tool bar can be used to open Microsoft Internet Explorer or to read the e-mail by adding the customizable toolbars. Also with Windows 2000 desktop, it is easy to switch between windows and the desktop because the new Show Desktop button is located on the task bar. My Documents offers a permanent location which store personal files and folders and it also has My Picture folder where photos can be stored and scanned. Windows 2000 support s multilingual, that is it can identify and establish any essential fonts or signs to observe multilingual information. Encryption and decryption methods are made transparent to authorized users because each file is encrypted with its key. Windows 2000 also provide smart cards which require users names and passwords unlike depending on a single factor to authenticate a user. (http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) Windows 2000 offers 25% faster performance than Windows 95 and 98 on systems with 64MB and more memory. Its web intergrated capabilities and broad support for mobile computers and hardware devices make easy for business operators to connect to internet and work anywhere and at anytime. (http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx) 4.0 CONCLUSION To conclude on this, Windows 2000 is a far more secure and reliable than previous other version. The process of installation and configuration of hardware is easy compared to NT platforms. It provides centralized management of users and resources over the network and it also offers enhanced security management of users, computers and devices. This makes Windows 2000 to support a security model stronger than those of previous Microsoft operating systems. It is interoperable with various operating systems, like Novell Netware, Windows NT Server 4.0, Macintosh, Linux and UNIX. The operating system runs on a wide variety of computers and users can choose and upgrade hardware to match their budgets and performance requirements without needing to alter the applications that they run. REFERENCE 1. Available: http://technet Microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd316363.aspx (cited on 15 July 2009) 2. Available: http://www.answers.com/topic/microsoft.windows (cited on 17 July 2009) 3. Dr.R.C.Joshi e tal (2005) Operating Systems 4. Crowley C, (1998) Operating Systems, a design oriented Approach 5. Silberschatz A, e tal (2007) Operating System concepts

Ferris Bueller: Possible or Not? :: essays research papers

Ferris Bueller’s Day Off Possible or Not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ferris, Sloane, and Cameron spend one amazing day ditching school, exploring the great city of Chicago and take time to visit many landmarks and take part in many exciting activities. The day depicted in the movie would be a great and exciting day for anyone, but is it possible for them to have done all of the things they did in one day? I believe it is reasonable to believe that Ferris and company may have been able to do all the things they did in the movie in one day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing that needs to be looked at is where Ferris lives. Ferris most likely lives within 10 minutes of his school considering he lives in the Chicago area and there are many high schools, he wouldn’t live too far from his high school. That is all just logic. Ferris’ school was shot at Glenbrook North High School which is at 2300 Shermer Road Northbrook, IL 60062. Using this site and assuming Ferris’ house is ten minutes away the journey begins. It is assumed that Ferris and Cameron pick up Sloane at 10 a.m. from school so this is when the timing starts. From school they head to downtown Chicago in Cameron dad’s 1961 Ferrari GT California, which has a top speed of 155 mph . Despite this we can assume that with Ferris driving, and him being a very daring and confident teenager, he was likely driving between 80 and 90 mph on the open freeways to downtown. Ferris had to travel about 22 miles to the parking garage in downtown Chicag o, 18 of which were on a freeway. Assuming Ferris drives about 80 mph it would take him less then 15 minutes on the freeway and probably another 10 minutes on surface streets to get to the parking garage. The parking garage was located on the corner of Madison and Wells in downtown Chicago. This would make the time about 10:25 a.m. when they reached the parking garage to drop off the Ferrari.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the parking garage Ferris and his friends go to the top of Sears Tower and look down. It is approximately a half of a mile from the parking garage to Sears Tower. Walking briskly because they are excited about ditching school it can be assumed it took them about 10 minutes to walk that half mile.

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Essa

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Jiro Tanaka’s research on the Central Kalahari San explored the changes in the San society and determined the overall effects on the culture. Tanaka looked at a group of people who had recently switched from a hunting and gathering existence to a more sedentary way of life. She found that though there were differences in the everyday lives of the San, they were able to preserve their language, cultural identity, and egalitarian ideals. Tanaka attributes the changes in the San society to influences by the government and Christian missionaries in the 1970s. Tanaka’s research, which occurred in the 1980s, found that the San’s views on labor, the way goods were given and received, and their value system had altered as a result of their contact with outside groups. The groups promoting these changes were attempting to modernize the San. The various groups in the Central Kalahari began to lead sedentary lifestyles built around villages which included schools, medical facilities, a permanent water supply, and agricultural systems. The changes in the San society were far reaching. Sedentary living meant that higher concentrations of people were living in smaller areas, and the gatherers soon found the plant resources almost depleted in the area around the settlement. In addition, collective equestrian hunting gained prominence over solo bow-and-arrow hunting. Though some families have been successful at livestock raising and cultivation of crops, Tanaka found that these are not significant contributors to the economy of the San. The idea of a dominant cash economy was completely new to the San. Before the 1980s, they had only traded on a sm... ...bility to reproduce themselves as a society while limiting the accumulation of wealth and power" (1993:174). Thus, like Tanaka, Lee believes that though they have altered their lifestyle, the Dobe have not abandoned their fundamental ideal of egalitarianism. They have managed to assert some control over the degree to which their society is modernizing. The analyses formed by Lee and Tanaka leads one to question to role of the hunter-gatherer society in the present mindset of those who study these cultures. Do we feel as if modernization de-romanticizes our conception of hunter-gather societies? Is it possible that groups are happier in with their new lifestyles? Is it possible for us to decide what is best for these groups? Was change inevitable? These are just some of the questions which come to mind when exploring the changes in different cultural groups.

Potiki And The Art Of Telling Stories :: essays research papers

This is an explorative essay on the theme in Patricia Grace’s novel Potiki that ‘telling and retelling stories is an important and valuable part of being human’. An important theme in Potiki is the enduring idea that creating and sharing stories as a central part of being human is important. It is a significant theme because the novel is heavily imbued with Maori culture, in which the stories and spoken teachings are given prominence, and also because it is a popular belief that people need narratives to give meaning, structure and value to their lives. This theme is displayed resolutely and poignantly in Potiki’s plot, characters, setting and symbolism, as the people of a small rural New Zealand community rediscover themselves through stories spoken and found in Maori carvings. The idea that humans need narratives is the core theme in Potiki, and it is used also to link other themes and aspects of the novel; it is in this way that we know the idea of storytelling is an intrinsic part of the novel’s structure. The idea that ‘creating and sharing stories is important as a central part of being human’ is shown in Potiki’s plot and characters when the mother of the main family in the book, Roimata, decides to let two of her children learn at home instead of at school. Instead of teaching them herself in the style of a traditional European education system, both Roimata and the children learn naturally from stories and histories which are shown as being part of everyone's life. For example, Roimata says, â€Å"It was a new discovery to find that these stories were, after all, about our own lives, were not distant, that there was no past or future that all time is now-time, centred in the being.† (Pp39.) In this way Roimata and the children are essentially learning in a way in which all people learn to some extent: by sharing stories. The idea that the telling and retelling of stories sustains, enlarges and defines our view of the world is shown in Potiki when Roimata continues, â€Å"They were not new stories to us, except that stories are always new, or else there is always something new in stories.† (Pp132.) The character is emphasising the moral and educational value of stories in human development and understanding by saying that there is always something to learn from stories, even when they are retold repeatedly.

Assiya Dair Assignment

When will ever get a good quality rest? This is a typical day in the life Of a student athlete, faced with several struggles during his or her time in college. The university exploits student athletes, because it makes a great amount of revenue on students athletes, restricts them to earn their own money and puts their health at risk. First reason why many universities exploit their student athletes is because considering fact that they make a substantial profit on them. College athletics is a big business across the United States in many universities, the most profitable being football, hockey, and basketball.They make a great amount of money for universities by selling tickets for their games and online live streaming. In the article † Point/Counterpoint: Paying college athletes†, Dennis A. Johnson says that: â€Å"The total ticket revenues for football and men's basketball were $757 million in 1 999, total value that exceeded the total ticket sales for all of professi onal baseball, football, and hockey that year. Star athletes, who win prizes for their time-consuming trainings, don't make any money for their effort, despite the fact that they are the ones earning the money.In fact, the mount of revenue that many athletes make for their respective schools is more than what their scholarships pay for. So who is getting all of this money? Surprisingly, the coaches at the universities get the most of revenue. For example, the highest employee at the Northwestern University, coach Pat Fitzgerald, earned more than $2. 2 million in one year (Linda Shaves). According to statistics, anesthesiologists, who considered as a best-paid job in US earn only $232,830, which is 10 times less than coaches. At the same time, student athletes who are the main resources for his revenue do not gain anything.One might argue that college players receive full rides, with tuition and room and board paid for, along with advantages, including tutoring and better food and ac commodations at many schools (Linda Shaves). However, from a personal side a s a student athlete, I realize that it is not as luxurious as it may seem. We, student athletes, have to work twice as hard as a normal student in order to balance academics, practices, and performing well in our sport. I have very little amount of free time between morning practices, daily classes, afternoon rousts and hours of self-studying. Eave to squeeze time for sleeping and relaxing in order to perform at the level demanded of me as a student athlete. Moreover, I also have limited amount of free time during weekends, because I need to play tournaments and do my homework. Another reason why I think that universities are exploiting student athletes is that athletes are prohibited from making their own money as far as work – study jobs on or off campus. According to the NCAA regulation, student athletes are forbidden from trading ‘their likenesses or names†. They can teach at a sports amp, but can't use their likeness to advertise or promote the camp.They can start their own business, but cannot sell their own image (autographed photos, for instance) or even use their own name to promote it (Andrew Cline). Thus, athletes are not only indebted to the university because of their financial aid, but become subservient to the university because of the NCAA regulations. At the same time, Nan-student athletes are enjoying their college life. People have only one chance to experience college. Unfortunately, student athletes are deprived of feeling all its beauty. Universities exploit student athletes in a way that requires too much without giving anything in return.The students are expected to practice and play at a professional level while the university rewards them as if they were amateurs. For instance, college level of coaching is still not effective as it should be. According to the USA today: † Basically, poorly performing teams might get a brief improvemen t when changing coaches, but the change doesn't last – bad teams remain bad. And average teams, those that hover around six wins every season, actually get worse after making a coaching change. (Paul Merger). From my personal experience, before coming to college, I expected a very high level of coaching and practices.However, once I have started to practice with my new team, I realized that workouts are easier compare to how I used to practice before. At the same time, college requires student athletes to show good results. People might claim that since student athletes have all necessary facilities to perform and succeed, they can work by themselves. This statement is true, but from my own experience, realized that in order to compete at a higher bevel, I need someone to instruct and coach me. Coach can motivate and push people to have better results, which you have never been expected from yourself.Finally, the most crucial reason is that student athletes put their health i n risk, which cannot even be compared at the same level with the scholarship. According to Brian Frederick, Board Member of Sports Fans Coalition and an adjunct professor at Georgetown University's Sports Industry Management Program: â€Å"How can a â€Å"free education† compensate them for debilitating injuries caused during their time on campus? And how can we as fans truly enjoy a oddball game knowing that one player's career-ending injury will leave him saddled with nothing more than a lifetime of pain and doctor's bills? Thus, student athletes are insecure since they never know when they Will get injured from matches. Once they are injured, university doesn't need them anymore and they are eventually ended in oblivious. Since student athletes dedicate their whole life for sports, they are ignorant of knowledge in other areas. Nearly all who play big sports such as basketball, hockey, baseball and football will experience wear and tear on their bodies that they may not h ave anticipated: groin strains, concussion-related brain injuries, pulled muscles, back pains, crushed bones, worn-out knees, elbows and shoulders.Honestly, student athletes are at same position as professionals in the sense that they have to manage their studies as well as their commitments to their sport. Furthermore, student athletes are fully dependent on the university. They are not able to sign any contacts, talk to agents and make money. Every time they go to game, they put their life on risk. In fact, student athletes are completely oppressed by university. Works Cited and Achieve. â€Å"How colleges exploit athletes†, New York Post. Web.

The Role Of Energy In Human Development Environmental Sciences Essay

In November, 2009 the UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) office noted that 1.5 Billion people of the universe, about one-fourth of current universe population are still without electricity ( EIA World study, 2009 ) . They are largely in rural developing universe. The UNDP besides highlighted the pressing demands to guarantee that the energy demands of developing states are cardinal to any new clime alteration understanding. The bulk of them who live in the dark are in the least developed states ( LDCs ) of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, harmonizing to the study ( The Energy Access Situation in Developing States: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Counties and Sub-Saharan Africa. ) Mr. Olav Kjorven, UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau for Development Policy, told newsmans in New York at the launch of the study: â€Å" Expanding energy entree is indispensable to undertake planetary poorness. It needs to go on at the lowest cost and in the cleanest manner possible to assist developing states set up a low-carbon path to development, † He besides noted: â€Å" Almost half of the humanity is wholly disconnected from the argument on how to drive human advancement with less emanations and greener energy because their world is much more basic than that. They carry heavy tonss of H2O and nutrient on their dorsums because they do n't hold transport ; they cook over wood fires that amendss their wellness, non with electricity, gas or oil, † â€Å" We must guarantee that energy demands of these people are cardinal to a new clime understanding, † he added, mentioning to the treaty to control nursery gas emanations that states are trusting to accomplish when they meet in the Danish capital in December, 2009 Kjorven noted that two million people die every twelvemonth from causes associated with exposure to smoke from cooking with biomass and coal and 99 per cent of those deceases occur in the development states. In LDCs and Sub-Saharan Africa, half of all deceases from pneumonia in kids under five old ages, chro nic lung disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease in grownups are attributed to the usage of solid fuel, compared with 38 per cent in developing states overall. Interestingly, most of these people live in a part where there is plentifulness of sunlight ( see Figure 1.1 and 1.2 ) , and it is no â€Å" projectile scientific discipline † that sunlight can be converted to electricity. The Photo-voltaic ( PV ) engineering that converts the sunshine to electricity has been known since 1950s, and the agencies to hive away PV electricity when the Sun is reflecting and do it available when it is dark has been applied for old ages. Furthermore, electricity generated in this manner is local and distributed. It can be used where it is needed, and therefore wo n't necessitate transmittal of electricity from a cardinal bring forthing station to remote rural countries, and thereby would extinguish all electricity transmittal related issues or costs which would be Millions of dollars in order to convey the electricity grid to these distant rural countries of the universe. Among the assorted energy utilizations, run intoing illuming demands affordably and faithfully is frequently the basic demands for human life, and the underlying key to any economic development, and riddance of human poorness. Lighting helps people gain extra clip for working, reading in the eventide, basking greater security and more comfort. The quality of visible radiation from a electric beginning is many times better when compared with kerosine lamps or tapers, and is less risky to wellness, and safe. Compared to the visible radiation provided by electricity that the people in the developed universe usage, the visible radiation from a kerosine lamp is really subdued. In order to read under this light 1 has about put the books straight over the lamp. In add-on, being at so close propinquity with these lamps, the kids are bound to inhale the exhausts from these lamps which are toxic and unhealthy. Therefore, the absence of modern visible radiation as provided by the electricity im pedes non merely the analyzing ability of these hapless kids but besides it creates serious wellness jobs. Pode ( Pode, 2008 ) noted â€Å" In footings of costs, visible radiation from kerosine is far more expensive than provided by electric visible radiations. The cost of utile light energy ( $ /Lumen Hour of visible radiation ) for kerosine is more than 300 times higher than the inefficient incandescent bulbs, is more than 1600 times higher than a Compact Fluorescent visible radiation bulb and more than 3000 times higher than a LED † . The International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) estimates that $ 38 Billion is spent yearly, chiefly by the hapless, on fuel-based lighting ( World Bank Group Progress on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in Fiscal Year 2006: Bettering Lifes ) . A alteration to electric visible radiations ( CFL and LED based ) would be less than 1/2000 of this tremendous costs for illuming, a economy of mammoth proportion. 2.1 Introduction Every twenty-four hours about 122 PW of sunshine reaches the Earth ‘s surface. This is plentiful compared to the 13 TW of entire energy consumed by worlds. Solar energy ( electricity ) is created by the sunshine. When the sunshine strikes a PV cell, a stuff made from Si or sand that is similar to the stuff used in doing computing machine memory french friess, the energy contained in the sunshine ( the photons ) excites the atom within the semiconducting material stuff, and motion of these loose atoms creates electromotive force ( direct current electromotive force ) and electric current. Therefore every bit long as there is Sun, and the sunlight hits a PV cell at that place will be PV electricity. This is sustainable and is plentiful. 2.0 System Installation Issues End product of solar PV panel can change significantly with its siting- location every bit good as its disposition ( tilt angle ) relation to place of the Sun. Since the PV electricity is generated by the Sun, the sum of sunshine hitting the PV cell will find how much solar electricity can be obtained from a PV cell at a location. The disposition of the Sun with regard to the PV cell is of import as it would order the sum of Sun ‘s energy that would hit the surface of the PV faculty, and its continuance. Therefore, a solar PV panel that can track the Sun as it moves from E to west during the twenty-four hours can bring forth the most sum of solar electricity at a location. Where such trailing solar PV is non executable, the solar panel should be mounted at an angle so that it hits the Sun sheer for most of the clip and gets the sunshine during most of the twenty-four hours, Similarly, shadowing will impact the sum of Sun received on the PV panel and will impact the sum of end p roducts. A Solar Pathfinder ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.solarpathfinder.com ) or similar instrument should be used to find the optimal location of the faculty, and topographic point it. The UNDP has postulated that â€Å" The most basic demands for human development are to take long and healthy lives, to be knowing, to hold entree to the resources needed for a nice criterion of life and to be able to take part in the life of the community. Without these, many picks are merely non available, and many chances in life remain unaccessible † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/hdi/ , accessed 5/1/2010 ) . Since 1970s international Keynesiasm highlighted the planetary mutuality with two major countries of concerns: a new international economic order ( NIEO ) and transportation of resources to the hapless population of the universe ( the 3rd universe states, 3W ) to run into the basic demands in development ( Preston, P.W. , ( 1996 ) , Development Theory, ISBN 0-631-19554-8 ) . See figure below. The function of energy in human development was foremost highlighted in an UN Report, prepared by the Brundtland Commission ( Brundtland Report, ( 1987 ) , United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) , 1987, hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission, accessed June, 2010 ) . Lack of entree to affordable energy was besides noted as one of the major causes of poorness and deficiency of human development. The disparities in energy usage between the developed universe and the under-developed universe was besides noted, with a suggestion that the developed universe take a broader function in taking this huge disparity. The authoritiess of the First universe states and the cardinal establishments of the post-second universe war broad capitalist systems, the IMF, the World Banks, the NGOs realized that they must suit to force per unit areas of reform, and pay attending to this NIEO by transportation of resources to the hapless stat es to run into their basic demands, and turn toing the energy poorness was on top of the docket. ( Preston, P.W. , ( 1996 ) , Development Theory, ISBN 0-631-19554-8 ) . We will discourse how this development attack for the full universe specially for the energy hapless states was addressed under this NIEO ( see Figure I.1 ) . Modern energy as provided by electricity provides many chances for human development. It reduces the clip needed to execute basic family jobs. The clip therefore saved could be used for income coevals, increased societal activities and educational intent. It has been determined that energy ingestion has important correlativity with GDP every bit good as HDI. A study published by IEA indicates that the states with high ingestion degree of per capita electricity, attain upper rank of both economic activities ( GDP per capita ) and HDI as shown Figs. I.4 and I.5, severally. Figures I. 4 and I. 5. Electricity Consumption and GDP ; and Electricity ingestion and HDI Income Generation -Enterprise development through electricity creates occupations -Higher productiveness through Mechanization–-Small scale industries such as, weaving, knitting etc. for rural development Education -Lights enable easiness of analyzing after dark–-Reduced clip needed for executing regular family jobs. The saved clip can be used for analyzing and fostering instruction – ( ICT ) Modern energy enables one to entree computing machine, communicating and information based chances which are causes for digital divide, and cognition based societies Health – Unhealthy pollutants such as ensuing from toxic dodo fuel based energy are reduced – – Arduous work related to roll uping firewood is reduced specially for adult females and kids–– Handiness of modern inoculation and medical specialty storage installations improves wellness of the local population Environment -Reduction in usage of fuelwood prevents devastation of trees and woods – Energy efficient contraptions could cut down energy wastes -Promotes climate protection -Fosters globalisation of community and more societal interaction

Salvage Law: Stipulations And Amendments

Salvage law dictates the â€Å"service voluntarily rendered in relieving property from an impending peril at sea or other navigable waters by those under no legal obligation to do so. † Thus, under maritime law, salvage refers to the act of ‘rescuing’ or recovering certain objects in a deteriorating or perilous state at sea of people who have no legal responsibility (e. g. marines, navy). Salvage law also narrates the right of the salvor to proper compensation from the owner of said material property. This law inhibits embezzlement on the part of salvors and encourages attempts to save property. The basic stipulation of the law embodies the following areas: property, life, and treasure salvage. Basic premise of a salvage claim must fulfil the following criteria : 1. There must be a marine peril placing the property at risk of loss, destruction or deterioration. 2. The salvage service must be voluntarily rendered and not required by an existing duty or by special contract. 3. The salvage efforts must be successful, in whole or in part. Stress is given on the accomplishment of the attempt in order for monetary privileges to be given. With regard to the first requirement, the question lies on the state of a marine vessel or ship that exposes or threatens certain properties to loss or destruction. ‘The danger need not be imminent or actual; all that is necessary is a reasonable apprehension of danger. However, if the vessel has the situation under control, there is no peril. In order for salvage law to act upon its tenets, there must be a reasonable cause or status of danger on a maritime vessel as well as its property on board. If there is no threat of danger, materials contained from such cannot be considered as salvage. The degree of danger or peril is distinguished through the level of amount in salvage compensation but does not necessarily guarantee the right to compensation. As stated ‘The degree of peril, whether slight, moderate or sever, affects only the amount of the award, but not the entitlement of the salvor to a salvage award. In addition, maritime vessels that are driven aground, reefs, shoals, reefs, or any other impeding natural obstacle are considered to be in a state of danger. In such cases where vessels are exposed to natural forces such as gales, waves, or stormy weather, and places itself in a helpless situation that leads to further damage and threat of submersion, the principles of salvage rule applies. Second, the voluntary nature in the act of salvage is determined through an individual or party’s legal right to provide assistance. Professional salvors who mainly act of economic gain are not exempted from the rule; they are also considered as ‘volunteers’ in the part of regaining threatened property. Lastly, the third requirement falls under the ‘no cure, no pay’ under the principle of salvage rule wherein the act itself must be successful in order to fall under the requirements of proper compensation. A ‘no cure, no pay’ scenario a salvor may only be paid if the operation is successful whereas a contract salvaging necessarily pays the salvor at a fixed rate whether or not the rescue attempts may be successful or not. On liability, the salvor has the responsibility of performing the salvage effort with skill; any property damaged during the attempt will reduce the award amount. The salvor however, when the operation is unsuccessful, is not held responsible for the loss sustained by property owners otherwise caused by erratic or irresponsible behavior. Salvage law is based on the right of the salvor to proper compensation for the labor provided not to the title of property or loot during the operation itself. Salvage and Towage. The basic difference between the two principles lies on the degree of danger on the part of salvage situations whereas towage simply involves the ‘service that is based on the employment of one vessel to expedite the voyage of another when nothing more is required that the acceleration of her progress. ’ Towage involves the consideration for convenience where vessels only require assistance in completing its journey. Acts of towing vessels without the presence of danger does not fall under salvage rules; owners of said vessels are not entitled to pay the salvage compensation on the part of the volunteers. Again, the necessity for a salvage claim falls under the degree in which the property is in danger. The distinguishing fact between the two claims is that towage is the lack of danger. Contract Salvage Documents such as salvage contracts is a clear stipulation for the need of clarification on the terms of payment concerning owners and salvors as well as specific criterion in which the degree of safety of salvaged properties are agreed upon. These criterions may pertain to issues such as security, interest, legal fees, and arbitration, among others. However, the basic requirement for salvage contracts to work upon still lies on the success of the operation itself, otherwise the contract may be considered null and void unless working on a certain specification such as fixed rate that does not rely on the success of the operation. This specification falls under contractual salvage services wherein parties involved work for economic gain rather that acting on volunteer efforts. Another distinction is made if the assigned contract has fixed compensation applicably paid upon the success of the operation, it falls under a fixed ‘no cure, no pay’ contract. Difference is made between a ‘pure’ salvage operation wherein individuals or parties involved are considered volunteers in the strictest sense of the word where there is no contractual agreement between property owners and salvors. Contract salvage enables concerned parties to rescue property after disclosing an agreement regarding the safety of salvaged property and efforts which involve its recuperation will be compensated accordingly. Treasure and Property Salvage. As stipulated in the above requirements under salvage law, a salvor is entitled to compensation not the right to property of the salvaged materials. The right of ownership is immediately assumed to be still within the power of the owner. This rule also applies to properties that are abandoned by its owner and thus cannot be claimed as personal property of salvors. Salvage law must also be contrasted with the law of finds where the ancient principle ‘finders keepers’ applies. It is understood that abandoned properties in order for the law to be applicable, must have consent from the owner that expresses abandonment on the right of ownership to the property. If no consent is given, then the savage rule applies. The only probable dilemma in the rule of salvage and finds is on treasure and artifacts on ancient shipwrecks where no rules apply. Life Salvage Maritime law does not clearly specify any stipulation to salvage compensation or reward during operations concerning the involvement of people or ‘life salvage’. The distinction is made wherein there is no concept of ‘property’ in lieu with salvage law requirements. Any salvor who may save a human life does not declare any right of property to the person saved, the owner, or contents of cargo. However, the US Standby Act provides the responsibility to ship captains to ensure or render assistance to any person who is in danger at sea while maintaining safety and command over his/her own vessel. [A] master or person in charge of a vessel shall, so far as he can do so without serious danger to his own vessel, crew, or passengers, render assistance to every person who is found at sea in danger of being lost. ’ In cases where life and property are involved, there are certain circumstances in which the salvage award is increased with regard to the nature of the properties rescued as well as considering the lives saved. However, this stipulation is often negated with the notion of assistance or volunteerism on the part of the sal vors. Compensation. In determining compensation, The Blackwall provides six factors in which the nature of salvage award falls under: 1. The degree of danger from which the vessel was rescued. 2. The post-casualty value of the property being saved. 3. The risk incurred in saving the property from impending peril. 4. The promptitude, skill, and energy displayed in rendering the service and salving the property. 5. The value of the property employed by the salvors and the danger to which it was exposed. 6. The costs in terms of labor and materials expended by the salvors in rendering salvage service. In considering the compensation, the peril the vessel is placed upon must be taken into account as well as the danger(s) brought about by the situation that may lead to the behavior or actions of the salvors. In addition, salvors are not encouraged to increase time and effort with regard the operation in hopes of enhancing the reward in terms of willingly increasing the damage of a vessel. After enumerating the basic stipulations of the salvage law, we turn to the SCOPIC and the salvage convention in order to determine the differences of policy and/or rule with regard to maritime law. The LOF, SCOPIC, and Salvage Convention The following amendments on the nature of salvage law deals with the special and specific circumstances concerning the nature and amount of reward in terms of the nature, effort, and other requirements in contrast with the basic precepts of the law. Lloyd’s Open form of Salvage (LOF) is a standard legal document created by London-based insurance company Lloyd’s of London in lieu with maritime salvage operations wherein the company acts as an arbiter between owner and salvers concerning retrieval operations. The legal document is literally ‘open’ because it does not specify any amount of money for salvage operations in the beginning of any contractual agreement. The amount is later arbitrated by a representative of the company for the services rendered of the salvors within the degrees of distinction that are combined with the precepts of salvage and law and of the policies of the company.. The open form’s characteristics are enumerated as thus : the salvor enters to an agreement with the contract to utilize ‘best efforts’ to save the vessel along with cargo and to ensure its safe delivery to a prescribe place of safety; the services performed fall under the no ‘cure, no pay’ principle; the services prior to the signing of the contract is taken into consideration; the concerned parties may use vessel equipment free from charge from the salvor(s); the amount of the reward is determined by a committee at the company or an assigned arbitrator for the specific case; the method of arbitration is bound to London and English laws; and lastly, an appeal on the nature of the arbiter’s award to the committee. Thus, the nature of the LOF is legally concerned on a partial agreement between concerned parties which specifically takes the agreement into more formal terms wherein the salvors has the advantage of higher remuneration for services r endered compared to the normative conditions of Salvage law. This provision is intended for contractual or professional salvage operations determined by success. The agreement does not fall under special contractual services since the determinants in such agreements are dependent of fixed rates and whether or not the operation would be a success. In relation to the International Convention of Salvage of 1989 (herewith known as IMO) and the basic provisos of the Salvage law, amendments are made mainly concerning the identification of instances that enable salvers the right to attain special compensation which in essence still falls under the ‘no cure, no pay’ principle. Similar to the Salvage law and the LOF, the amendment in the IMO remain on the original position of the first law. The main difference lies on the formation of a requirement in order to attain special compensation on the part of the salvers within the additional terms external factors and material usage. In contrast with the ‘open’ monetary provision of LOF, the agreement between the owner and salvors are direct instead of relying on a third party neutral mediator. Chapter III of the IMO discusses the right of salvors in terms of the operations itself, notably the following sections. Aricle III, section 2 states: ‘Except as otherwise provided, no payment is due under this convention if the salvage operations have had no useful result. ’ Similarly, the provision still falls under the original stipulations of the Salvage law. However, specifications are made on the preceeding article and sections such as Article 14, Section 1 states: If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with this article, he shall be entitled to the special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined. In contrast with The Blackwall criteria on the basis of the award system on salvage law practices, the IMO convention amends the aforementioned requirements as stated in Article 13: 1. The salved value of the vessel and other property. 2. The skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment. 3. The measure of success obtained by the salvor. 4. The nature and degree of danger. 5. The skill and efforts of the salvors in saving the vessel, other property, and life. 6. The time used and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors. 7. The risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment. 8. The promptness of the services rendered. 9. The availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations. 10. The state of readiness and efficiency of the salvor’s equipment and the value thereof. The aforementioned amendments differ from the prior stipulations on the grounds of external or environmental factors and the specifications of compensation with regards to the nature of the operation itself. The amendments however still fall under the principle of the operation’s success in determining the right to the specified compensations. Article 14 provides that individuals may only receive special compensation, which include proper remuneration for expenses such as equipment used during the recovery operations, are not properly compensated by the salvage fee. The difference then is shown between the International Convention on Salvage law and the LOF. In contrast with the basic stipulations of the salvage law, the salvage amendments and the LOF stress on the importance of compensation and award through specifications of instances wherein concerned parties are properly paid with the addition of compensation for used equipment as presented in Article 14. Section two of the same article provides a mark increase and further specification on which the terms of agreement between owners and salvors may agree upon. If, in the circumstance set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or minimized damage to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to salvor under paragraph 1 may be increased up to a maximum of 30% of the expenses incurred by the salvor. The prior amendment furthers the exact amount of compensation as opposed to the basic stipulations in The Blackwell provisions. Further, the SCOPIC clause aims for the endorsement of the 1989 amendments but subsequently present tariff in relation to provisions in the special compensation section. The clause also functions to supplement the LOF which includes the provisions in Article 14. The main premise of SCOPIC is: ‘the contractor shall have the option to invoke by written notice to the owners of the vessel the SCOPIC clause set our hereafter at any time of his choosing regardless of the circumstance and, in particular, regardless of whether or not there is a â€Å"threat of damage to the environment. ’ As a supplement, the clause acts as a special addition on the part of salvor in terms of remuneration that further adds benefits upon completion of the necessary requirements found on Article 13 in the IMO. In relation to the provisions set in the LOF, the SCOPIC clause may be invoked at any time by the contractor or the salvors whether or not it adheres to the stipulations made in Article 13, specifically the threats to environment regarding the operation itself. Differentially, the Special Casualty Representatives (SCRs) act as the same function as that of LOF mediators but are appointed by owners in order to determine that nature of the operation. In addition, any award mentioned in the ten amendments in the IMO is discounted by at least 25% of the amount on a basis that it exceeds the totality of Article 13 awards: In addition to the rates set out above and any out of pocket expenses, the Contractor shall be entitled to a standard bonus of 25% of those rates except that if the out of pocket expenses, the Contractor shall be entitled to a standard bonus of 25% of those rates except that if the out of pocket expenses described. Sharply contrasting the provisions set in article 13, the clause provides an alternative method in enabling to negotiate claims outside the LOF and the IMO with referral to the proposed tariff systems regarding vessel tugs, equipment, and manpower. In contrast, the LOF does not grant power over salvors to terminate a previously agreed LOF contract which obliges the salvage team to perform their responsibility in their best attempt. However, clause 9 of the SCOPIC states: The contractor shall be entitled to terminate the services under the SCOPIC clause and the main agreement by written notice to owners of the vessel if the total cost of his services to date and the services that will be need to fulfill his obligations hereunder to property will exceed the sum of: a. The value of property capable of being salved; and b. All sums to which he will be entitled as SCOPIC remuneration. The provision gives the equal right on the part of salvors to maintain the power of bargaining if and only if circumstances arise in relation to the aforementioned provision. Conclusion In summation, the nature of salvage law is highly dependent on the manner in which material or physical objects are retrieved in relation to the degree of danger the operation is carried out. The law is divided into contract, treasure, and property salvage. As such any act of salvage in the part of salvors is entitled to proper compensation coming from owners of said materials in danger. The nature of salvage is differentiated with towage in the sense that the former is situational; the process in which materials are retrieved must be in context with immediate danger or deteriorating physical conditions of vessels that also provide threat to cargo or passengers whereas the latter is concerned with assistance of an incapacitated sea vehicle in completing the journey without any threat on the physical well-being of the vessel. Salvors are necessarily implied as volunteers, in the altruistic sense of the word, where individuals who do not have legal responsibilities in undertaking recovery operations. However, salvage law also applies to legal operations unit such as the marines or the coast guard who are also applicable under proper compensation rights in exceeding the standard requirements of duty in the process of operations. Salvors may also be applied to professional and economical groups who provide their service under a fixed rate of compensation with also a contractual understanding that the award may be paid whether or not the operation is a success. The stipulations from the LOF agreement, IMO convention, and the SCOPIC clause mainly act as specifications of the tenets provided in the Salvage law wherein the LOF is a third-party bargaining agreement that takes into account the original provisions of the law and the amendments stipulated in the IMO (e. g. o cure, no pay principle) but does not specify the amount of remuneration on the part of the salvors with the understanding that the amount is negotiated upon by the owners and salvors with a mediator. This functions as a non-government independent body concerning the bargaining nature of the law. On the other hand, the IMO convention is the amendment of the principles stated in the original depositions of the salvage law such as the duty to provide assistance whenever necessary with the additional tenets concerning environmental factors, coastal states, elaboration of duties/party responsibilities and the special compensation system upon compliance of requirements. The IMO amendments also function as a specific response to contractual salvage operations in order to properly accord the reward system as well retaining the original In contrast with the original positions, the IMO amendments, specifically stated in Article 13, specifically adds that the environment must be taken into consideration in minimizing or preventing damage in order to qualify for the award. Equipment is also taken into the jurisdiction as the salvors have the responsibility to not increase liability that equipments might cause during the process of retrieval or upon the materials itself. In relation with contractual agreements, the amendments also cover the professional viewpoint of hired salvage service as it is necessary for promptness or strict compliance to procedures in order to be considered legal. The added provision leads to the creation of the special compensation section where salvors may be duly compensated with the equipment used during the operations if the fe e does not suitably fulfill the expenses. Lastly, the SCOPIC clause functions as an additional provision on the LOF agreement where added provisions are given in behalf of the salvors themselves which in this sense equally provide a sense of equal bargaining power with owners. The clause mainly calls for the power of salvors to terminate existing LOF contracts during circumstance wherein the contractors (salvors) anticipate that the service will exceed the value of the property retrived and the sums stipulated in SCOPIC remuneration. The basic LOF agreement necessarily state the inability of contractors to terminate their contracts as the owners have complete right over their services during salvage procedures. Salvors are necessarily obligated to act upon to the best of their ability to perform the operation to success in order to qualify for the award. However, the SCOPIC clause, with reference to the provisions set by the basic Salvage law, the LOF, and IMO provide an extension of power for contractors in terms of remuneration agreements wherein the procedure itself, if it exceeds certain requirements, duly grant the power of salvors to terminate the contract. In addition, the appointment of an SCR is important upon agreement of both parties and exercise of the SCOPIC clause. The SCR is then obligated to attend the operation itself with a number of representatives appointed by a committee. Thus, the salvage law and the aforementioned provisions discuss the general idea jurisdiction and nature of the law and amendments made to cover certain concerns. Bibliography Anderson, A, Salvage and Recreational Vessels: Modern Concepts and Misconceptions  U.S.F. Maritime Law Journal June 1993. International Convention on Salvage, 1989 International Maritime Organization (IMO),1997, retrieved 6 April 2009,    Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (Approved and Published by the Council of Lloyd’s) 2000  § A-L, retrieved 6 April 2009, Mankabady, S, The International Maritime Organization, 2nd edn, Routledge, 1987 Schoenbaum T, Admiralty and Maritime Law, 2nd edn, West Group Publishing, USA, 1994. SCOPIC Clause 2007 p.1 Smith, N, The Law of Salvage, University of Puget Sound, 1994.